Correct Structure Of Business Letters Commerce Essay

Correct Structure Of Business Letters Commerce Essay Few business transactions are carried through successfully without correspondence at some point. Enquires must be answered, quotation given, order placed, complains dealt with, transport and insurance arranged and account settled. Letters must be written to customers, salesmen, agents, suppliers, bankers, shipowners and many others; they cover every conceivable phase of business activity. They are the firms silent salesmen and, often enough, represent its only contact with the outside world. Hence the need to create a good impression, not only of the writers firm, but also of the writer himself as an efficient person eager to be of service. In our Business courses that follow are to be found over hundred specimen letters dealing with a comprehensive range of transactions of the kind handled in business every day. They are presented, not as models to be copied, for no two business situations are ever quite alike, but rather as examples written in the modern English style to illustrate the accepted principles of good business writing. For those wishing to use the collection as business tool, consisting of headings under which letter are classified and grouped according to subject matter, supplies a convenient and useful source of reference. Every business letter is written to a purpose; each has its own special aim, and one of the features of this course is its use of explanation to show how the various letters set out to achieve their aims. Basic legal principles relevant to different types of transaction are also touched upon, but only where there is a need to clarify legal relationships. The exercises the means for students to apply in practice what they have been taught. The many letters included are written in straightforward and meaningful style of the modern age and should be of special help to the overseas user, and especially to students from Raffles College where commercial correspondence is taught either as a general business accomplishment or as a preparation for the various examinations. Business letter/e-mail writing Structure of The business letter Letter promoting good will Enquires and replies Quotations, estimates and tenders Sales letters and voluntary offers Orders and their fulfillment Complaints and adjustments Invoicing and settlement of accounts Letters requesting payment Credit and status enquires Agencies Foreign trade Banking (1) home business Banking(2) payment in foreign trade Transport (1) road and rail Transport (2) sea and air Insurance Personnel Travel and hotels Miscellaneous correspondence A typical business transaction Essential Qualities The business letter is the principal means used by a business firm to keep in touch with its customers; often enough it is the only one customers form their impression of the firm from the tone and quality of letters it sends out. Good quality paper and an attractive letter head play their part in this, but they are less important than the message they carry, but it does require us to express ourselves accurately in plain language that is clear and readily understood. Writing plainly does not mean that letters must be confined to a mere recital of facts, in a style that is dull and anattractive. When we write a letter we enter into a personal relationship with our reader. Like us he has feelings and we cannot afford to disregard them. This is a necessary reminder because many people who are warmand friendly by nature become persons of quite another sort when they sit down to write or dictate a business letter. They seem to think that business letter call for a special kind of Business English. They forget that they are holding conversations by post and make use of impersonal constructions that produce a cold and aloof tone. They prefer to write your letter has been received rather than the warmer and homelier I have received your letter, and your complaint is being looked into rather than I am looking into your complaint. They often refer to themselves as the writer and say. The writer visited your showrooms, when they should say I visited your sh owrooms. Personal constructions, with the emphasis on YOU and I or WE, help to produce the warm and friendly tone more suited to letter writing. The whole secret of good business letter writing is to write simply, in an easy and natural way like one friendly human being talking to another. Make your letter or e-mail, then sound as much as possible like good conversation. You wouldnt say on the phone It is regretted that the goods cannot be delivered today. You would say I am sorry we cannot deliver the goods today, so why not say it when you write a letter? SOME RULES OF GOOD WRITING 1- Think first of the reader and address yourself to his interests. Tell him all he wants to know and dont leave him to guess between the lines 2-Adopt a tone suited to the occasion and purpose of the letter 3- Write naturally, as you would talk, using plain and familiar words 4- Write clearly and to the point. The dominant need in all business writing is exactness expressed in language that is absolutely clear 5-Write courteously and make your letter sound friendly and sincere 6- Avoid wordiness, but at the same time remember that it is more important to be clear and courteous even if it means using more words 7- Avoid commercial jargon with its roundabout and meaningless forms of expression 8- Write effectively by using simple language, by being consistent and precise 9- Avoid monotony by introducing variety 10- Write to a plan if your letter is long or especially important 11- Pay special attention to the opening and closing paragraphs first and last impressions leave a special mark on the reader 12- Check your letter or e-mail All these are matters of importance and we shall now take a closer look at each one of them. Study your readers interests The letters you send out must create a good first impression.To achieve this,put yourself in your readers shoes and try to image how he will feel about what you write.Ask yourself constantly ,what are his needs,his wishes,his interests,his problems,and how can I meet them?;What would be my own feelings if I were to receive a letter of kind I propose to write? Try to image that you are receiving rather than sending the letter and emphasize the you attitude rather than the I or We. Adopt the right tone If a letter is to achieve its purpose,its tone must be right.Before beginning to write think carefully about the way in which you want to influence your reader.Ask yourself,what do I want this letter to do?and then express yourself accordingly,being persuasive,apologetic,obliging,firm and so on,depending on the effect you want to produce. Write naturally and sincerely When you sit down to write or dictate a letter,try to feel a genuine interest in the person you are writing to and in his problems.Say what you have to say with sincerity and make sure that it sounds sincere.Express your thoughts in your own words and in your own way.Be yourself.Write so that what you say would sound natural if read over the telephone.

Creative writing – The assassin

Alison Cazer was looking out of the window thinking about the day ahead. Alison was a fashion designer and had her own business in London. She heard a noise and turned round to see her friend Lucy waiting in her office. Alison was so excited to see her; she wanted to tell her about all the brilliant things that had been planned for her today. She told Lucy about the good news; the meeting with Jacques Lording – the owner of Elicit a local rival company. ‘ I can't believe he rang me and asked to know more information about my products – I'm astounded. I mean why would he want to know more about my products, maybe he is thinking to merge with me. That would be brilliant because then together we would be bigger than Chars and hopefully that would put them out of business. Alison was going to meet Jacques in a large Victorian house in a little village called Axton. It was a little different than she expected but he said it was because he wanted a low-key meeting with no press watching their backs. Phil Cichloid was the assassin. He was a butler at the nearby Victorian house though this was just a cover up and had been given a contract by the director of a Chars. The plan was to kill Alison so then there will be no rival company for Chars to compete with because Alison put all the money in to the business, therefore Chars would make much more money. The director of Chars had been given a tip off about the merger and had to take action, the only way to do this was to kill Alison. It was the assassin's first killing but he still remained calm and very professional. The assassin was told to target Alison because she owned a rival business and was also thought of as rich and selfish by lots of jealous people as well as the director of chars. The assassin knew the time and location of when he was going to strike as he was told by the director who knew everything. The director was definitely right in one sense – yes she was rich, but not at all selfish. In fact she was totally opposite. She was a caring, bubbly, and down to earth girl. The house at which Alison was going to meet the manager was quite posh. Though from the outside it looked very dull and isolated this was on purpose, it is so nobody even thought the meeting would take place in a scruffy house therefore no press would be there. The bricks were grey and the windows black with dust. It was raining outside; the ivy on the wall made anyone who came near the house feel trapped and lonely but inside it was totally opposite. It was bright and warm. There was a barn besides the house. The debris of brick from the barn made the field besides the house look like a graveyard. The assassin was lying low behind the house on a hill, known to the locals as death hill because it was so steep you could hardly walk up it and anybody who got to the top would be almost dead. The assassin knew she would be surrounded by bodyguards, which is why he got so high up on the top of death hill. He also knew the boss of elicit would arrive soon after Alison so he had to be quick. Nobody could see the assassin but he could see his target perfectly well. He got into his position on the top of the hill he heard a car behind him. His rifle was a 1987pg with a range of 100m plenty far enough to reach Alison. He lifted his rifle in wait of the car coming up the drive, with excitement rushing around his body; he was disappointed when the car carried on straight down the lane. The assassin again heard a car this time he new it was Alison he could tell, you could see the 2 rings on her left hand reflecting the light and also the car had another 2 people in, he could only guess these were the bodyguards. He got his rifle ready and was now ready to strike. Alison turned up the drive and started driving up the long, winding, dislodged driveway. She heard a scrape; she got out of the car and saw a massive scratch on the back of her Lotus Elise. She was thinking about turning around- how could the boss of elicit see her car in such a state the only thing that changed her mind was the thought of been late for the boss, that was the last thing she wanted to do so she decided to carry on down the lane. The assassin at this stage was very calm, as though he was doing this as an honour. He was getting a bit frustrated, as this job was taking longer than expected and wanted to get onto his next job. He could see Alison coming now and got into his final position. She thought she had come to the wrong place, she had expected something more like Buckingham Palace, she knew there was something wrong but she carried on down the lane. She was about to turn the car around when her bodyguards saw a light coming from inside the house, somebody must be in she thought and went to investigate with the help of the bodyguards. She got out of the car and was just about to knock on the door when she remembered something; she had forgot to lock the door. ‘How stupid of me she thought, why didn't I lock it in the first place'. Alison locked the car door and looked around astounded at the dullness of the house and its surroundings – did the boss really want to meet her here? It started raining heavy so she put her hood up, this blocked her view of what was going on around her. Her bodyguards noticed something in the bush to the side of her and left her on her own while they went to investigate. She was just about to knock on the door. Before she could hear it she had already felt it, right through her stomach. She tried to scream but no sound would come out of her mouth. She tried to get her mobile but she couldn't move. She felt helpless and knew secretly that her world was coming to an end. The bodyguards rushed to her but knew there was nothing they could do, one went to get help and the other was trying to comfort her. There was no signal on her mobile phone and they couldn't get in the house. She grabbed her stomach in hope that in some miracle way it may stop the bleeding and she may have a chance to survive even though she knew she had no chance. Her trousers were wet with blood; she didn't dare look down frightened at what she may see. She was finding it hard to breath now, she tried to look around to see who had done this terrible thing to her but she couldn't see more than a metre. She dropped to the ground, the bodyguard tried to help her but there was nothing he could do, the pain was unbearable now; she knew she had to fight the pain or lose everything she had, her wonderful family and friends. She again tried to move but the pain was holding her back like some sort of barrier. She started to feel dizzy, she took one last look at her hand and fell to the ground with the rain pouring on her and blood slowly surrounding her body as the bodyguard went in search of the person who had done this. The assassin smirked, he moved quickly packing his things together as fast as he could. He ran to the car making sure he destroyed every bit of evidence he had made. He was unruffled, calm, cold and motionless. His car was on the other side of the hill so nobody noticed he was there, he made sure that he had got everything and set off down the drive. He took one last look behind him to check that Alison was dead and that his job had been done properly and made his way to his next job leaving Alison to die in her own pool of blood.

Essay on James Baldwin - 1907 Words

Gage Krakower History 228: African American History Dr. Jennifer Oast MWF 2:00-2:50 February 10, 2012 James A. Baldwin James A. Baldwin, a homosexual African-American novelist, was once quoted saying that the most dangerous creation of any society is the man who has nothing to lose. What it means is that society’s chief concern should be a person who has absolutely nothing to lose by always sticking to their beliefs, yet everything to gain. James Baldwin embodies that quote to the absolute fullest. Not only did he push the boundaries with his works in novels and articles on racial and sexual matters, but he also was a key component in the civil rights movement and that’s why James Baldwin was important in†¦show more content†¦The novel resembles Baldwin’s childhood a lot based on the fact that the novels central theme is about a young man named John Grimes who is the innocent victim of his father, a religious man steeped in disgust and narrowness. It relates to Baldwin’s childhood because he was the innocent victim of a father whom was religious and had a lot of hatred as well. It’s a milestone in the development of American literature because it is the first novel and/or short story about Negroes to be written from a non-racial point of view. Shortly after publishing his first novel, Baldwin would go on to receive a Guggenheim fellowship. In 1956 he would publish his second novel Giovanni’s Room. Giovanni’s Room fired up a lot of controversy because of the explicit amount of homoerotic content. It also was controversial because he explored interracial relationships, a very touchy topic at the time. â€Å"The plot of the novel itself stems from Baldwin’s analysis of the nature and character of homosexuality.† Also, Baldwin was able to connect with a wider audience because too much of the public’s surprise Giovanni’s Room was primarily about white people, not African-Americans. He was also making references to himself in this novel because the main character was living in Paris. Baldwin’s next two novels, Another Country and Tell Me How Long the Train’s BeenShow MoreRelatedSonny s Blues By James Baldwin827 Words   |  4 PagesSonny’s Blues In James Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† it is only when a brother loses his child that he realizes how easy it can be to lose his brother. The narrator’s little brother, Sonny, was left in his charge when their parents passed away. He neglects Sonny and leaves him to work through hard decisions on his own which leads to Sonny being picked up by the police for using and selling drugs. When the narrator’s daughter, Grace, passes he sees how suffering can affect people and reaches outRead MoreGiovanni s Room By James Baldwin1723 Words   |  7 PagesThe two novels Giovanni’s Room by James Baldwin published in 1956 and Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith published in 1956 share the interest of both the main characters having trouble publicizing their sexual orientation due to the way society would view them. There location of living have a big impact on their actions of expressing their sexuality towards other people or themselves. During the 1950’s, homosexual activity was prohibited. People who were found having an affair with the same sexRead MoreEssay on Sonnys Blues by James Baldwin1316 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Sonny’s Blues† revolves around the narrator as he learns who his drug-hooked, piano-playing baby brother, Sonny, really is. The author, James Baldwin, paints views on racism, misery and art and suffering in this story. His written canvas portrays a dark and continual scene pertaining to each topic. As the story unfolds, similarities in each generation can be observed. The two African American brothers share a life similar to that of their father and his brother. The father’s brother had a thirstRead MoreExpectations in Sonnys Blues, by James Baldwin Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pagesa grim existence beneath the dispassionate stare of narrow-minded bigots. Soon, the Civil Rights Movement would gain momentum and drastically alter such social exclusion, but James Baldwin writes his story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† before this transformation has occurred. In the style of other Post-Modernist writers of his day, Baldwin invents two brothers, Sonny and the narrator, who seem to have given up on finding meaning in their lives: escape, not purpose, is the solution for suffering. Although marginalizedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Sonny s Blues By James Baldwin1481 Words   |  6 PagesIn reading the story Sonny s Blues by James Baldwin, we learn of two brothers and their lives growing up in Harlem. The narrator, who is the older brother in the story, narrates the trials and tribulations he and his younger brother (Sonny) had to endure growing up in such a harsh environment in Harlem (due to the drugs, violence, and Black s being looked down upon in general in the mid-1950s). We start in the future (present), with the narrator having a somewhat successful future being a teacherRead MoreJames Baldwin s Influence On Society And Relationships With Other People1249 Words   |  5 PagesJames Arthur Baldwin was a prominent author in the 1900s. He did not let his homosexuality or skin color put him down or get in the way of being himself. Baldwin wrote essays, novels, plays, and poetry inspired from his environment and relationships with other people. Although he was poor, it did not stop James Baldwin from becoming a successful author that wrote about his experiences of being homosexual and African American in a troubled society. In Baldwin’s early life, he had to work hard andRead MoreLight and Dark in the Book Sonny’s Blues by James Baldwin Essay788 Words   |  4 PagesIn James Baldwin’s short story, â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† there is a constant contrast between light and dark. Baldwin uses this theme to highlight the struggles that the Narrator and his younger brother, Sonny, both face. Light represents all of the positive aspects of life. Meanwhile, the darkness represents the constant struggle that threatens the characters in the story. Light and dark has a presence in both characters. The narrator lives his life in the â€Å"light†. He is a teacher, middleclass man, a manRead MoreJames Baldwin738 Words   |  3 PagesQuestions on A Talk to Teachers by James Baldwin 1. In the opening paragraph, Baldwin establishes his ethos by connecting himself to his audience as a fellow citizen and fellow American, someone who loves his country and wants it to be whole and healthy. Though he identifies the chief fear of his audience as the fear of Communist, he proposes that the ore fearful aspect of American society of the early 1960s is the â€Å"bad faith and cruelty† of generations. Baldwin builds credibility with his audienceRead MoreSonny s Blues By James Baldwin2300 Words   |  10 PagesIn the short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, by James Baldwin there is the notion or a reoccurring theme of a conflict between light and dark between the characters. The notion is carried throughout the story of two brothers finding their own lights and trying to work towards a greater life. In the late 50’s, after the Harlem Renaissance, adolescents are faced with drug sales everywhere and crime sprees around every corner, this is one examp le of the darkness in the story. Kids began to form bad habits thatRead More James Baldwin Essay1485 Words   |  6 Pages For The World to See James Baldwin was a man who wrote an exceptional amount of essays. He enticed audiences differing in race, sexuality, ethnic background, government preference and so much more. Each piece is a circulation of emotions and a teeter-totter on where he balances personal experiences and worldly events to the way you feel. Not only did he have the ability to catch readers’ attention through writing, but he also appeared on television a few times. Boston’s

When Humans Impose on the Environment, Expect Negative...

Before the use of technology, humans had to solely rely on the environment to fulfill their daily needs. Humans respected, and even feared nature for its destructive capabilities. Before the use of technology, humans were connected with nature at an almost spiritual level. They knew how to use the environment and sustain it at the same time. Before technology, there was a natural balance between nature and humans. Unfortunately, as humans developed by advancing in industry and technology, a lot of the respect and fear once held for nature was lost, which lead to an increase in the occurrences of environmental problems. The more humans used technology, the more they imposed themselves on the environment, and the more their connection with†¦show more content†¦Towards the beginning of the article Zimmerman states: Killer whales have been starring at marine parks since 1965. There are 42 alive in parks around the world today- SeaWorld owns 26 of them- and over the years more than 130 have died in captivity. Until the 1960’s, no one really thought about putting a killer whale in an aquarium, much less in a show. The public knew little about them beyond the fact that they sounded dangerous. (331) Zimmerman provides an excellent example of humans imposing on the environment and losing respect for nature. As different types of entertainment developed over the years, humans decided it would be a good idea to take killer whales from their natural habitats and use them for entertainment purposes. In nature, every organism is connected in some way. When the whales were taken from their natural habitats, part of that connection with other organisms was lost. As society developed different forms of entertainment, the respect for killer whales, and nature in general, was lost. Unfortunately, Zimmerman’s article is only one example of people losing respect for nature. Similarly to Zimmerman, Amy Irvine shows that humans have lost their respect for nature in her article â€Å"Spectral Light.† Irvine’s article describes a dangerous encounter between her husband and a black bear in their yard, along with the reactions of the townsfolk. After her husband’s enco unter with the bear, thereShow MoreRelatedThe Case Against Spanking By Brendan L. Smith910 Words   |  4 Pagesphysical abuse and spanking can lead to some serious effects in children. Physical punishment can lead to aggression, antisocial behavior, and other negative effects physically and emotionally. The research and studies have found evidence of abuse to children in short-terms and long-terms. The physical discipline has been viewed as a violation of Children’s Human Rights. Physical punishment of children became a taboo in 30 countries this legal ban is used only as public education tools, which is to assistRead MoreAnalyze How Theories Of Motivation And Human Behavior Impact1626 Words   |  7 Pages Analyze how theories of motivation and human behavior impact strategies of change management Behavioral management theory was developed in response to the need to account for employee behavior and motivation. The shift moved management from a production orientation (classical leadership theory) to a leadership style focused on the workers human need for work- related satisfaction and good working conditions before theorists started writing about employee satisfaction and good working conditionsRead MoreHuman Resources And Inadequate Staffing1336 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Resources and Inadequate Staffing A continuous concern that continues to present itself within the healthcare environment is adequate staffing on nursing units. Most hospital organizations try their very best to accommodate staffing needs, though many units remain understaffed for an unspecified amount of time. Inadequate staffing can negatively affect patient outcomes, lead to nurse burnout, and decrease patient satisfaction scores. Combating this issue will require a great deal of effortRead MoreWe understand and perform on social objects. Our most important form of social objects are people.1400 Words   |  6 Pagesframework of sociological theory as we know it today. People rely upon interaction with others; socializing has become the key factor of our everyday lives. Symbolic Interactionism is the meanings that we impose on objects, people, and sometimes even behaviors. Our society is a huge structure built by human interpretations. I grew up in South Texas where the only Catholics I ever came across were of Hispanic culture. Since I have only met Hispanic Catholics, I figured only Spanish speaking cultures wereRead MoreThe Impact of Automation on American Culture Essay1730 Words   |  7 Pagesadvanced technology that it has today? Culture and life would be much more different and complicated for nearly every human being. In addition, some of today’s most important jobs wouldn‘t exist. Obviously, at one point in history this was the case and construction of every sort was carried out with hand tools and nothing else. This all changed during the Industrial Age when human-operated machines helped replace the handwork of craftspeople. Today this is known as mechanization. It was not untilRead MoreRacism On Black Names And Job Hiring Practices Essay1687 Words   |  7 Pagesexperiences throughout their lifespan. When it comes to job hiring process, it is even harder for blacks because of their names. 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To expect that Stooges LLC will deliver a professional audit for the price that was contracted. 4. Identify the relevant accounting ethics standards involved in the situation: * Legality: Nothing illegal will be done. * Professional Standards: Read MoreLocation And Size Of Kimbriki Resource Recovery Centre2881 Words   |  12 Pagesby dense vegetation. Source 3 is a map of Kimbriki Resource Recovery Centre on the Northern Beaches. The map reveals the location of the site, along with the nearby suburbs and local establishments. Specifically, Source 3 shows the surrounding environments including water, vegetation and developed land. Source 4 demonstrates the process of sorting and grouping similar materials, such as bottles and cans, in order to manage waste. The system, conducted by Kimbriki is designed to recycle the products

Analysis Of The Book Sacrifice Zones By Steve Lerner

In the book, Sacrifice Zones, Steve Lerner takes readers through twelve separate stories of communities in the United States that have been unwillingly exposed to high levels of environmental toxicity. In each of these cases, citizens of those communities reacted to and pushed back against being exposed to toxic chemicals, sometimes successfully and sometimes less so. In every case, the people most heavily exposed to these health hazards were minorities and low-income citizens, which, Lerner argues, is why government officials and corporate decision-makers chose knowingly to risk exposing them. This paper will outline Lerner’s book and argue that despite a long history of protests, lawsuits, media attention and nationwide outrage, willing exposure of low-income and minority Americans to toxic chemicals in the pursuit of government and corporate interests is still a major problem today. There is certainly not enough space to examine all twelve stories presented in Lernerâ€℠¢s book in this paper, and they are all shocking—both in terms of the level of exposure to toxic chemicals and the questionable choices of corporate and government officials—but a few stories stand out. In Marietta, Ohio, a steel plant called Eramet has been pumping the air full of a toxic chemical called Manganese. The chemical is known to cause health problems, particularly damaging to neurochemical and motor function. When a study confirmed that manganese concentrations in the area were much higher thanShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesMade: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future ofRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOne Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. JudgeRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesLeadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structure

Essay on The Impact of Cloud Computing Free Essays

Impact of Cloud Computing Technologies in small scale enterprises the strategic and technological benefits it derive out of it. Cloud computing has been a disruptive innovation in recent years and has taken the headlines to displace many of the established traditional computational methodologies in a short period of time. The utility model of computing which makes the information technology services similar to electricity and water has invoked the focus and attention of the researchers and practitioners. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on The Impact of Cloud Computing or any similar topic only for you Order Now This article will investigate the technical aspects of cloud computing and the strategic and competitive advantage that it brings to a firm in startup and small/medium scale enterprise. Although many have criticized this techno-business model due to the concerns on security, privacy and governance, recent events prove that more entrants, including the existing corporate leaders in the industry, are getting into the cloud and making their presence felt to the end customers. Cloud computing has proved to be a disruptive innovation on its own in recent years, it is yet to clear the test of time of it being a sustaining technology. It is up to the scholars and practitioners to determine and put into test of time and make use of this technology in the growth of other disciplines. Introduction Cloud computing is the mode of executing the IT services in an elastic manner to the end users and providing a metered service at multiple granularities for a specified quality of service. Gartner defines cloud computing as â€Å"a style of computing where massively scalable IT-related capabilities are provided ‘as a service’ using Internet technologies to multiple external customers†. While Forrester says â€Å"Cloud computing is a new IT outsourcing model that doesn’t yet meet the criteria of enterprise IT and isn’t supported by most of the key corporate vendors. It’s wildly popular with startups, exactly fits the way small businesses like to buy things, and has the potential to completely upend IT as we know it.† From 1984 to 2008 the number of internet connected devices went from one thousand to one billion. Can the data deluge which the digital world is facing in this exponential time be effectively managed using cloudThe redundant data which resides on multiple devices might get consolidated and a single point of data source somewhere in cloud could be a solution (The Economist, 2009). On the one hand, cloud looks into exploiting existing technology; there is nothing new as it uses the established processes, concepts and approaches. On the other hand it is new because it has revolutionised the way we host and cater the service to the customer. The famous Gartner hype curve has been hailing Cloud Computing as the most hyped technology in their last two years projections. Disillusionment and frustration towards the technology has been increasing, especially with the theories on productivity paradox from Solow (1987). Disruptive Innovation is a term coined by Proffessor Clayton Christensen, and according to him it is â€Å"the process by which a product or service takes root initially in simple applications at the bottom of a market and then relentlessly moves ‘up market’, eventually displacing established competitors.† A disruptive technology can come to dominate an existing market by either filling a role in a new market that the older technology could not fill (this is similar to the what the cheaper, lower capacity but smaller-sized flash memory is doing for personal data storage in the 2000s) or by successively moving up-market through performance improvements until finally displacing the market incumbents (as digital photography has largely replaced film photography) (Christensen 1997). In the following sections I will go through the potential strategic benefits that firms have derived out of cloud computing and later on the typical challenges and problems involved in the implementation. I will also cite the role of cloud computing technology in the emerging markets and start-ups especially in the small and medium scale enterprises in giving a competitive advantage over the traditional methods. Technologies used within Cloud computing The general classification of the cloud computing forms are IAAS (Infrastructure as a Service), PAAS(Platform as a Service), and SAAS(Software as a Service). ‘Cloud Infrastructure as a Service,’ which is also called Resource Clouds, provides the infrastructure resources as services to the end user. Virtualization of the server is the main technology used in this service by the providers. Cloud providers in this domain cater access to storage and data of various size and quality adhering to certain service level agreement. Examples: Amazon S3, SQL Azure ‘Cloud Platform as a Service’ (PAAS) provide computational resources via a platform upon which applications and services can be developed and hosted. PAAS makes use of application platform interfaces to control and manage the virtual server which would be allocated to the user. Examples: Force.com, Google App Engine, Windows Azure (Platform). (Clouds) Software as a Service (SAAS), also known as Service or Application Clouds offers the implementation of specific business functions and business processes which are provided with specific cloud capabilities, i.e. they provide applications/services using a cloud infrastructure or platform, rather than providing them with cloud features. These applications generally reside over other cloud technologies like IAAS and PAAS. Examples: Google Docs, Salesforce CRM, SAP Business by Design. National Institute of Standards and Technology, the authority towards getting technical guidance and promoting standards onto cloud computing, proposes four types of deployment methods. These are: Public cloud, Private cloud, Community Cloud and Hybrid cloud (NIST). Public clouds or external clouds are the traditional web based services given over internet and billed as per the usage and metered for the services consumed. These sorts of clouds are the favorite amongst the start-ups and small/medium scale enterprises since it require minimum investment in the infrastructure. Private clouds or internal clouds are designed and implemented internally to some organization with limited or no access to the external web. These clouds are supposed to be focused on data security, reliability and governance. Usually only the big corporations can afford to build and maintain such private clouds. The small/medium scale enterprises generally will not be able to bear the cost of technology and recourses to build them. Hybrid clouds, as the term describes, is made up of internal and external cloud components where in limited access to the external users are given while the data security and corporate governance features of private clouds are retained. According to Willcocks (2004) maintenance budget crosses 40% of the total IT budget and it is usually overlooked during the initial phases of the development of IT system. Since the maintenance and providing the regular backup of the data are wholly the responsibilities of the cloud provider, the client firms can focus on their core capabilities and business area. Cloud based applications can be considered to be centralised within organizational structure due to the consolidated servers and data, but it can also be viewed as a highly decentralised system because of its agility and flexibility on the location and usability (Mintzberg, 1983). The degree of collaboration has grown considerably among the developers and users with the advent of cloud applications which are mainly web based. The developers can deploy and configure the virtual infrastructure platforms for their applications with a few mouse clicks, which displays the transformation from encounter to a relationship through constant interaction. The idea of running the applications anywhere in the ‘cloud’ not knowing or care to know where they are is not a concern to the web application users since the concept of website does exactly the same. But the big difference is for the application developers and IT operations team. Since these processes have been simplified and more middle layers have been introduced, even they can develop, run applications and grow the capacity instantly without being concerned about the location underlying infrastructure. Impact of Cloud computing on the SMBs and Start ups Cloud computing has turned to be an enabler to the start-ups and small/medium scale enterprises. This new paradigm in information technology has helped entrepreneurs to set up the business and enterprises in a faster manner and grow quickly. The level of collaboration between the enterprises has also increased considerably when compared to the traditional methods. The level of transparency in the utilization of the information technology resources in the cloud computing paradigm is comparatively higher than other models. The ‘charge back’ and ‘show back’ concepts are effective in comparing the outputs to the resources consumed. From an end-user perspective, there are two main features which creates substantial impact on the cloud provider and user: Self provisioning and usage Metered and control over usage As mentioned above in IAAS and PAAS, users can plug and play with the resources as in the requirement arises and release the unwanted resources to be used by others when the demand goes down. At the same time users have the ability to monitor and meter the amount of resources consumed at point of time and plan for future based on the business outcomes. The idle time of the resources can be significantly reduced with this information being available to the user at a click away distance any time. I will be describing the competitive advantage that a small start up got by adopting cloud based technology and how they were able to grow to be the market leaders in short time. The collective buying market was very immature around one year back in theUKand new entrants were struggling to establish themselves in this competitive environment. Mycitydeal was competing with a bunch of new start ups and those who had already established in certain locations. The online presence of Mycitydeal was primarily the website, which used to advertise the daily deals that they get from their sales team and the online ecommerce portal which would take orders and subscriptions. The firm did not invest much on the infrastructure for setting up the servers, databases and related services. I had the opportunity to interview the Salesforce manager at the firm. Also numerous stories of competitive advantage derived due to the adoption of cloud based CRM are listed in Salesforce case study on startups (2010). The customer relationships were handled through Salesforce.com. Salesforce.com is a cloud based service provider which falls under the category of Software as a Service. The company had to pay only for the user’s licenses they purchased and used. Usually 40% of the software products purchased in the traditional companies are kept unused and termed as shelf-wares. The firm could be certain that they have not invested in any information technology product or services that they are not using at that moment of time, and thereby saving on the capital cost. The fluctuating users and customers were an obstacle for the management to tackle initially until they got their servers from Rackspace.com. The cloud service provider Rackspace.com caters servers to the customers and server space based on demand. This service falls under the cloud portfolio of Platform as a Service. Through this service provider, server space can be scaled to terabytes of data space within short period of time, which would have taken a big project to install and maintain such servers in the traditional way. The elasticity of these services is pivotal in the successful adoption within a firm. As the demand goes down during the off-peak season, servers can be cut down and freed back to the pool of the service provider. This gives more control over the operational expenditure of the clients. Procurement of the new hardware and computational power is no-longer the responsibility of the client; the metered services from the vendor would take care of them. All these cloud service providers give the ability to monitor the services we consume and, thereby, enable us to plan for the future projections. The statistics that can be derived out the usage patterns from the historical usage data is another added value from the cloud which the traditional method would cost extra. Business strategies can be derived out of these statistical reports which would directly reflect market response and acceptance of the product/service by the end user. All these features of the cloud services helped Mycitydeal to concentrate on their core capability of collective buying business knowledge. The whole of the IT infrastructure could be managed by an average information technology literate employee and did not have to recruit many technically skilled costly employees. From the vendor perspective, they need to reserve very few resources since they will be servicing multiple clients being catered from the same server database. These advantages paid off Mycitydeal eventually by growing into theUK’s leading collective buying firm, having a customer base of one million within six months of their launch. The quick reactive decision making capability which is given by cloud technology makes it unique unlike the traditional decision making methodologies which are of proactive nature While industry has been in all praise to this new technology paradigm, there have been criticisms from different corners on the data protection, security and performance predictability. Even though transparency is assured in every minute detail, cloud demands a considerable trust between the service providers and end users. While it has become obvious that the cloud computing technology is a disruptive innovation in nature, it has to pass the test of time to prove it is a sustaining technology. Discussions and Recommendations According to Nicholas Carr, IT has started to become less prominent and mattered less to the competitive edge. History reveals that IT needs to become ordinary:â€Å"[it] needs to lose its strategic importance as a differentiator among the companies so as to fulfill its potential† (Carr 2004). From the vendors perspective, cloud computing has proved to be disruptive in nature and a substitute for the own-hosted hardware infrastructure. This has posed a serious threat to the established firms who were market leaders in the traditional server business. These players are increasingly getting into cloud domain and have started to provide cloud services to the customers. The entry of Amazon, Rackspace, IBM, HP and the latest Oracle announcing its incoming into cloud domain depicts the relevance of cloud and the business opportunities it is offering to the service providers (CIO.com, 2009). IDC forecast for cloud related market is estimated to be $11 Billion by 2014 which shows the focus and resources the cloud service providers have invested. Conclusion The concept of application being run anywhere in the cloud and not concerned about the infrastructure is not new to many of the application developers and software engineers. But for the entrepreneurs, the cloud computing paradigm has given the same opportunity and capability so that they can concentrate on their core capabilities and use information technology as an enabler to achieve their business goal. It is time which will prove the sustainability of the cloud computing and related services. Also, it has been proved beyond debate that this disruptive innovation is capable of giving the startup and small/medium scale enterprises a competitive advantage in the business against the traditional methodologies. However, it is up to the researchers and practitioners to find and decide if cloud computing can be used as an innovate medium in other disciplines and practices. Reference Brynjolfsson, E., P. Hofmann, et al., (2010), â€Å"Cloud Computing and Electricity: Beyond the Utility Model,† Communications of the ACM, 53(5): 32-34. Carr, N. G., (2004), Does IT matter: information technology and the corrosion of competitive advantage,Boston, Harvard Business School Press. Christensen, C. M., (1997), The innovator’s dilemma : when new technologies cause great firms to fail,Boston,Mass., Harvard Business School Press. Bernard, Golden. (2009).Cloud Computing: What Clayton Christensen Can Teach Us http://www.cio.com/article/476362/Cloud_Computing_What_Clayton_Christensen_Can_Teach_Us Forrester, (2008), â€Å"Is Cloud Computing Ready For The Enterprise?† http://www.forrester.com/rb/Research/is_cloud_computing_ready_for_enterprise/q/id/44229/t/2. Gartner,(2010), â€Å"Press Releases.† http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1389313. NIST (2010) http://www.nist.gov/itl/csd/cloud_060910.cfm Gartner (2009) Press Release: http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=920712 Sales force case study on startups https://www.salesforce.com/au/smallbusinesscenter/?d=70130000000Fop0internal=true Willcocks, L. P., (2004), â€Å"Offshore, onshore: are you sure?† Information economics journal 1(3) How to cite Essay on The Impact of Cloud Computing, Essay examples

International Approach Of Events Management - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the International Approach Of Events Management. Answer: There can be no proper or formal definition of events. Events can be considered as the organized public activities which are held in a venue or an open area. In other way, events are an organized activity of the people engaged in certain purpose. In addition, the events are referred to as the public assembly for celebrating certain purpose such as education, business, cultural practice, entertainment or the reunion. In a region, several types of events are held accordingly to the purpose and background and different events are comprising of different types of activities. Mega events are referred to the national and international events which must consist minimum 500 participants from the global background (Ferdinand and Kitchin 2012). Some of the examples of mega events are Mothers Day Celebration and Herald Sun Tour which has been holding in Australia for years. Hallmark events are nationally or internationally recognized events and participants as well as the audience come from different places outside the region. England versus Australia Netball Match, Melbourne Cup Carnival are some of the famous hallmark events that are held in Australia. This kind of events is also considered as the Sports events are people comes from within and outside the region. Sports events are mainly arranged for the sports activities or competition whereas the hallmark events are arranged for various purposes. Cultural events are another type of events that are concerned with the cultural activities of the people or society as the whole. Cultural events are held for entertaining people and generally happen on a regular basis such as Australia Day. On the other hand, the community events are the representation of the community activities of the people in a certain region. Community events are the diverse social and community practice of the people. Besides, Business events are a complete different type of events that are extremely formal and are organized by event management companies. Rotary Conference is one of the finest example of the business events. The significance of the interaction between the event industry and event tourism is immense and based on the involvement and attraction of the people to the certain region. As the chosen region is Australia, the development of the region signifies the linkage between the event industry with the tourism. It is noteworthy that the events have a commercial aspect attached to it, which indicates the regional development as the whole along with the incorporation of all the aspects related to the same. Therefore, the immense and deep impact of the events industry needs to be assessed both directly and indirectly. Considering the fact of significance of the events industry on host region it is defined that the same influences on the people living in the same. The initial impact cam be evaluated from the economic, cultural and environmental development of the region. This development is the result of the consistent and unstoppable attraction of the people towards the various events of the respective region. Precisely, social, structure, cultural acceptance, economic development and environmental modification of the host region are the major and salient forces that works as the influential factors for the events industry (Gibson and Connell 2012). However, the above mentioned factors are in other way influential on the events industry in terms of attracting people to the specific region. For example, the acceptancy of various cultures by the people of the host region is capable of attracting new people from within and outside the region, which increases the popularity of the events. On the other hand, the popularity and attraction of the events will enrich and enhance the social structure and cultural acceptancy of the people in the host region (Raj, Walters and Rashid 2012). Much stress has been put upon the economic development of the region in which the events are held. As mentioned earlier in the essay, various events of a specific location primarily impact on the tourism of the same. In order to highlight the economic development of the host location, the development and the increase of the sustainability, jobs and incomes must me mentioned at the highest priority. The overall regional development is majorly contributed by the economic development of the same due to the continuous attraction of the various events (Diedering and Kwiatkowski 2015). For example, the happenings of the diverse kind of events in a region, the tourism industry is influenced and accordingly the number of job opportunities are increased. Exemplifying the Melbourne Cup Carnival has provided opportunities to 943 companies to employ 20,000 staffs. On the other hand, the carnival has impacted on the hospitality industry with $38.3 million in commercial accommodation spending wher eas the total economic benefit of the region is more than $425 million. Therefore, it is apparent that the events industry provides opportunity for the numerous jobs in tourisms event management, hospitality, transportation, retail stores and many others indirectly. On the other hand, the economic development of the region enhances the sustainability of the events, which further refers to the permanency of the incomes of people in that particular region (Jones 2014). The cultural and social development of the region is also based on the popularity of the events. The social development is considered as the inclusion and social cohesion which is resulted by the attraction and participation of the people of diverse cultures to the events (Popescu and Corbos 2012). This further enriches the cultural togetherness and acceptancy by the society. For example, in the mega events like Olympics attracts numerous people from different cultural backgrounds to the region holding the event and consequently enrich the culture of the same. For example, the Sydney Olympic 2000 has impacted on the socio-cultural aspect of the region by creating new suburbs which is a clear indication of the cultural and social enhancement. Again, the community events of various communities attract people from the global context due to the uniqueness of the community culture and practice (Ferdinand and Kitchin 2012). Therefore, the merger of the people of different culture enhances the cultural and societal values of the host region. Accordingly, the mental and social health of the people is developed which further refers to the enhancement of the inclusivity of them. Along with this, the integration within the events industry and the tourism also is the reason for improvement of the social behaviors of the people. The environmental development due to the impact of the events industry of the region cannot be ignored. The infrastructure, appreciation of the attraction and the revitalization are the aspects which are addressed by the events industry in terms of the environmental development. the mega events are responsible for revitalizing the infrastructures and repositioning the tourists attraction into the same (Gibson and Connell 2012). the diverse and unique activities of the different events appreciate the attraction of the outside people to the region which further incorporate with the environmental development of the same. Therefore, this can be concluded from the above discourse that events industry is one of the major and vital aspect of a region in terms of development of the region as the whole. The essay presents an overview of the possible events held in a region along with the significance of them on the regional development. On the other hand, the essay sheds lights on the various development of a region due to the severity of the impact on the people as well as on the society. In addition, the necessity and significance of the events tourism is reflected by the essay for under sting influential elements of the events on its host region. References: Diedering, M. and Kwiatkowski, G., 2015. Economic impact of events and festivals on host regions-methods in practice potential sources of bias.Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism,22(4), p.247. Ferdinand, N. and Kitchin, P., 2012.Events management: an international approach. Sage. Gibson, C. and Connell, J., 2012.Music festivals and regional development in Australia. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Jones, M., 2014.Sustainable event management: A practical guide. Routledge. Popescu, R.I. and Corbos, R.A., 2012. The role of festivals and cultural events in the strategic development of cities. Recommendations for urban areas in Romania.Informatica Economica,16(4), p.19. Raj, R., Walters, P. and Rashid, T., 2012. Events management: an integrated and practical approach.